Historical Discussion Question

Question: How did racial stereotypes influence the treatment of slaves and ex-slaves during and after the Haitian Revolution?

Answer:

During the Haitian Revolution, some colonists used the violent act insurrectionists committed as an excuse to marginalize black and mulatto people. For example, Antoine Dalmas was a colonist who wrote a detailed account of the slave uprising in Saint-Domingue. In his account, Dalmas continually describes the rebelling slaves as “pitiless”. While it is true that the Haitian Revolution was an incredibly violent revolt, Dalmas lets his prejudice black and mix-raced people influence his narrative. “It is natural that a caste this ignorant and stupid would begin the most horrible attacks with the superstitious rites of an absurd and bloodthirsty religion.” Instead of being surprised by the violence committed by the slaves, Dalmas implies that the events of the Revolution have merely affirmed his preexisting notions regarding a people he considered moral inferiors. Furthermore, Dalmas does not mention the evils of slavery or any crimes committed by the French or other Europeans.

Unfortunately, Dalmas was not alone in his assumption. The plantation owner Pierre Mossut described the insurrectionists as “horde of assassins” and also as “fanatics” in a letter to the Marquis de Gallifet, his employer. He too does not discuss anything he may have done to provoke the rebellion.

On the other hand, many colonists used the claim that non-white people were lazy to argue against emancipation. They claimed that if the enslaved population was freed, they would no longer have workers to sustain the colonial economy. To avoid this issue, some Europeans who did oppose slavery in the New World advocated for laws forcing former slaves to continue working for their colonial masters. For example, Léger Félicité Sonthonax argued in favor of immediate emancipation and total equality based on race except that he believed former slaves should continue in their previous positions but should receive compensation. Étienne Polverel took the idea further, adopting a condescending tone to shame any slave who should wish to work less than six days a week. Polverel also believed that women should receive less pay than men for the same work-hours, as he believed that women were inherently weaker and could not produce the same economic benefits necessary to sustain the economy.

Discussing the Haitian Revolution

How do different sources discuss the religious ritual that was the spark for the Haitian revolution?

Dumsele talks about the ritual in an almost appreciative tone and he talks about the ritual in a way that is perhaps, the most believing of the sources when he talks about the ritual. He discusses the lightning almost as if it were an omen for the explosive revolution that took place, and he also seems to mythologize the revolution by not speaking to any of the people who participated. By not talking to anyone who was there, it is easier to make them seem like they are more heroic. The fact of the matter is that war and revolution is messy, but Dumsele’s rendition makes the revolutionaries seem like avenging angels who rained fury down on the whites on the island. This makes it seem like the war was not as messy as all wars tend to be.

 

Class Notes 09/13: First Reports

Reminders/logistics

  • Where to find the Historical Analysis Prep printable on the course website

Essay 

  • Please use the writing center 
  • should we use secondary sources?
    • keep them limited
    • shows we can pick a relevant argument
    • make it appropriate to the subject
    • the currency of the sources used and where the source is from due to relevancy is important

LA culture by William

Coffee, bees, and Climate Change

William’s article that talked about the effect climate change has on the bee population and in turn, has an effect on the coffee production in Latin America. The bee population has been declining for years, which has a wide array of consequences, especially for the farmers that tend to these lands. A big issue is farmers are acquiring land, but it is not being able t produce as much coffee due to it being too hot for bees to pollinate. This put the farmers’ lively hood in danger. However, this is seen as a wild claim because of the different geographical regions in Latin America. This is connected to our discussion of environment that we have in class.

Questions from classmates

  • Are countries helping the bee population?
    • Article list general solutions
  • How is climate change affecting the coffee growth?
    • Article didn’t really touch, but the bees are unable to perform their jobs which hinder the harvesting
  • If this continues what would be the price of coffee?
    • Concern is more on the lives of these farmers, and not the coffee price possible increase. Countries are making sure the workers have a stable life.

Encounter/first reports

Professor Holt poses us with multiple questions to start off today’s lecture.

  • How does the process of European discovery present these places to their rulers?
  • How do they (explorers) describe what they see?
  • How do they make these places a commodity/attractive?
  • Are we following the money?

Before we broke into groups, we discussed the importance of material culture/clothing the Natives, or lack there of, and how “explorers” would retell this back in the old world. How nudity affects the perceptions of Native people. We also discussed the types of primary sources that survived and how that has also shaped our understanding of these communities and the encounter.

Iberia is the center of a commercial network which is an incentive to control trade and the navigation technology. They have also had centuries of coexistence and experience of living with “others.”

Columbus has tons of myths around his voyage. He landed in the Caribbean but thought he had landed in India till his deathbed. His voyage was sort of low-end. He only had 90 men with him. However, his log was one of the best sources of encounter, but we do not have the original and are working from a copy. Professor Holt gave an excerpt of Columbus’ first encounter report from 10/12/1442.

Comments from classmates 

  • Jack- describes as poor due to clothing
  • William- focuses on physical appearance and how he is in awe, visually is barbaric due to nudity and body paint
  • Chris- defending themselves from other islands, not entirely helpless, handsome form
  • hair is compared to horses tails correlates to dehumanizations of Native People
  • Alberto- ages, appear very young, childlike/innocent
  • the bible can’t be wrong so how do we categorize
  • people cling to preconceived ideas
    • explorers

We were then split into groups to discuss HAP.

We then discussed Cabral’s voyage. His sea route to India was by going around Africa.

Cantino Planisphere (1502)

People have been trying to base maps on coast lines. The north/south directions are more accurate than the west/east dimensions. His mission is much more prepared. We then discussed the similarities and differences between Columbus and Cabral first reports back to the motherland. Cabral is selling it and Columbus is more on the fascination of body paint of the Natives. Portugal is interested in sending Jesuits for missionaries and they were interested in Brazil for only a port. Portugal saw Native People as “rulable” and docile. They thought they were doing a good by spreading the one true faith.

German Illustration of Amerigo Vespucci Letter

These were the first wildly circulated of new world people. Is it important to remember the artist has never left Germany and based his illustrations on Vespucci’s letter.

Class Discussion

  • very sexualized drawing of Native women
  • Limbs are on the cutting block to show cannibalism, barbarism, and violence.
  • Posture is a strong motif in the drawing
    • Natives are slouched and Europeans are standing tall
  • Facial expressions seem primitive
  • The depiction of Native Women is a Eurocentric view of women being more prone to sin

We ended the class with a self-evaluation of our class participation.

 

 

Wikipedia Critique: Cacique

During our class discussions on indigenous people in Latin America, I have been very interested in their systems of government, how their leaders are portrayed, and what duties did these leaders have to fulfill and that is why I chose to read and analyze the cacique article. I believe the article is start-class and a few adjustments have been made by other Wiki users in recent years. The discussion on the talk page is centered around spelling of ‘cacique’ and determining which sources are most credible.

The article’s author attempts to keep a neutral tone but the facts presented appear to give off a Euro-centric perspective. I attribute this to the lack of written primary sources available from the colonial era. Majority of the sources cited are scholarly articles published through American universities. There is also a link to a reading about elite indigenous women but I did not see any women or their role mentioned in the article.

The origins of the cacique pre-colonial contact and the origins of the branch term ‘caciquismo’ are not emphasized in the article. The author quotes Murdo J. Macleod, a Scottish historian, whom states the terms, “either require further scrutiny or, perhaps, they have become so stretched by the diversity of explanations and processes packed into them that they have become somewhat empty generalizations.” The generalization of the terms may be due once again to the lack of primary sources which we have discussed about in class on September 10.

The history section of the article primarily focuses on the relationship between the cacique and colonial rule. Now the recurring theme behind us not knowing traditional ways of past indigenous peoples has been we do not have enough primary sources. My issue is that the indigenous people’s way of life may not be accurately represented in these articles and that a Euro-centric perspective is perceived as absolute.

Wikipedia Critique: Akab Dzib

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akab_Dzib

The wikipedia article that I chose to look over is Akab Dzib. This is a mayan structure at the Chichen Itza site. Now the reason I chose this was it sounded cool because I never knew that some of the buildings on the site actually had names. When I went to the wikipedia article associated with it, I was kind of disappointed. There are no images of said structure that was mentioned and there are only two refferences. I feel that there would be more sources of information out there that can be used to make this article better. As well as a picture of the building!

Now as for what this article has. It’s pretty neutral for the most part and that is good since going through the Wikipedia training, they really want an emphasis of a neutral opinion. There description it gives of the building in question is pretty bland but overall gives a good idea of what it is. The author(s) describe the building in question well and talk about the various details across the structure.

If I were to improve the quality of this article, I would add a picture of Akab Dzib and try to find more sources from scholars. That would make this article a whole lot better in my opinion.

Wikipedia Critique-Nahuatl Languages

For my Wikipedia evaluation, I looked at the page on the Nahuatl languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The article began with a concise summary of what the Nahuatl languages were, and then branched off into the history and current status of the language, as well as the different branches and geographical locations that Nahuatl is or was spoken. I thought that the page was well organized. After a couple paragraphs of basic information, there were additional sections for the terminology of Nahuatl’s many varieties, a deeper look into its history, and multiple sections that broke apart learning the language.
I found the article to be unbiased and written with a very neutral tone. Then again the article did not cover a very controversial topic, so it was easier to stay unbiased. I also found that the content on the page was evenly distributed between each section. The vocabulary section could use a little more information, but for the most part every aspect of Nahuatl was thoroughly covered.
The links I checked brought me right to the correct pages. These pages were relevant to the Nahuatl language, and unbiased sources. One link brought me to the “General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples” which laid out the linguistic rights and regulations of indigenous people. There were two links of people’s names within the article that did not have a page set up yet.
To see if this article was up to date, I checked the modern history section, because I thought that would be the most prone to change. Most of the sources were from the early 2000’s. I didn’t see any sources from after 2010. I think this could possibly be an area that could use an update, since indigenous rights and support have changed a lot since the early 2000’s.
The talk page identified the Nahuatl section as one of the best articles featured on Wikipedia, which verified my positive overview of the page. I also found that the page was completed in 2008. The talk page had some edits, but I’m wondering if it could use a little more updating in some of the more current sections of the page.
Overall, this was a very good article that did a great job breaking down all aspect of the Nahuatl language in an unbiased way. The citing was accurate, and in the information was distributed fairly evenly throughout the sections. I think the current history and status of the language could use a little updating, but nothing on the page seemed to be inaccurate.